Wide panoramic view of the Red Sea coast in Egypt with clear blue-green water, a pebbled shoreline, and distant mountains

Artifact Reference

Black granite Merneptah Stele, JE 31408, with Pharaoh Merneptah before Amun-Re and the hieroglyphic inscription mentioning Israel, Egyptian Museum in Cairo

The Merneptah Stele and the Earliest Egyptian Reference to Israel

Explore the Merneptah Stele (JE 31408), its line-27 reference widely read as Israel, archaeological context, museum location, and significance for biblical history.

August 28, 2026

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Artifact Reference

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